On this page, we have compiled a list of talcum powder studies performed by various institutions worldwide and listed their results.
News sources report a varying amount of studies on the effects of genital talcum powder use. Still, we have found 20 total studies online from 1971 to 2016, 14 of which found a strong positive association between the genital use of talcum powder and occurrences of ovarian cancer.
The first study in 1971 should be discounted, however, as asbestos was an ingredient in talcum powder until 1973, and asbestos is a known carcinogen that would have affected the study’s results.
The seven remaining studies either did not find any link between talc and ovarian cancer, or the findings were positive but not statistically significant (any link could have been coincidental). More information on ovarian cancer and subsequent lawsuits can be found here.
We have compiled the results of all of these studies and linked them here as a comprehensive reference for those who want to know the scientific consensus on this topic.
Note: Red numbers indicate that a positive association has been found between genital or abdominal talcum powder use and an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Green numbers indicate no significant association between talc and ovarian cancer could be found.
1.
Study: Talc and Carcinoma of the Ovary and Cervix
Outcome: Talc Suggested Association Found
Authors: W. Henderson, C. Joslin, A. Turnbull, K. Griffiths
Date: 1971
Summary:
This study was performed to examine the similarities between the minerals talc and asbestos and whether talc use, which at the time contained asbestos, had any effect on cancer in the ovaries and cervix. The authors took 13 subjects with ovarian or cervical cancer and obtained tissue samples from them, to determine if any talc particles were present in the samples.
Results:
10 out of 13 of the samples were found to have contained talc particles, and no asbestos particles were found in any of the samples. This was the first study that suggested there may be a link between talc use and ovarian cancer. However, these results imply nothing more than correlation, and the results of the study should be discounted due to the presence of asbestos, a known carcinogen, in the talc. Asbestos was removed from talcum powders in 1973.
2.
Study: Ovarian Cancer and Talc: A Case-Control Study
Outcome: Talc Positive Association Found
Authors: D. Cramer, W. Welch, R. Scully, C. Wojciechowski
Date: 1982
Summary:
This case-control study was undertaken to explore in more detail the association between ovarian cancer and the regular genital use of talc products such as baby powder. Researchers interviewed 215 women with ovarian cancer and found 215 controls who matched the age, race and residence of the cases. The study also took into account when talc was dusted on condoms or on diaphragms.
Results:
This study found that there was a significantly higher amount of ovarian cancer cases in subjects who used talc, either as dusting powder or on sanitary napkins. This conclusion still held true even when accounting for interviewer and selection bias.
3.
Study: A Case Control Study of Borderline Ovarian Tumors: The Influence of Perineal Exposure to Talcum
Outcome: Talc Partial Association Found
Authors: B. Harlow, N. Weiss
Date: 1988
Summary:
This study interviewed 116 female residents with serious ovarian tumors and interviewed 158 control subjects in the same area, with regards to their use of hygenic powders.
Results:
There was no difference in risk of ovarian tumors between women who used baby powder or corn starch and those who did not. However, the results showed that women who specifically used talc-containing deodorizing powders had 2.8 times the risk of an ovarian tumor. This result showed that there was a difference between powders containing talc and those that did not contain talc.
4.
Study: Personal and Environmental Characteristics Related to Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Outcome: No Significant Association Found
Authors: A. Whittemore, M. Wu, R. Paffenbarger Jr., D. Sarles, J. Kampert, S. Grosser, D. Jung, S. Ballon, M. Hendrickson
Date: 1988
Summary:
This study was conducted to determine if vaginal exposure to talc increased the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Researchers assessed talcum powder use in 188 women with epithelial ovarian tumors and in 539 control subjects. Other factors such as consumption of coffee, tobacco, and alcohol were also reviewed.
Results:
Though there was some data showing that perineal use of talcum powder more than 20 times a month were at 1.45 times the risk for ovarian cancer, this data was not statistically significant, and therefore must be treated as though it was a sampling error. Thus, the study reported that there was no significant link between baby powder use and ovarian cancer.
5.
Study: Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer: A Case-Control Study
Outcome: Talc Positively Associated
Authors: M. Booth, V. Beral, P. Smith
Date: 1989
Summary:This study was conducted to determine whether several factors including Mentrual Characteristics, reporductive and contraceptive history, and history of exposure to environmental factors like baby powder increase the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. The study was completed with 235 women diagnosed with cancer and 451 controls.
Results:
According to the findings, women who used talc once a week or more had increased for getting ovarian cancer. However, the study notes that this evidence can be controversial since the women were not asked how long they had been using talc, or their frequency of past use.
6.
Study: Risk Factors for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in Beijing, China
Outcome: Talc Positively Associated
Authors: Y. Chen, P. Wu, J. Lang, W. Ge, P. Hartge, L. Brinton
Date: 1989
Summary:
This study of 112 ovarian cancer cases in Chinese women and 224 controls evaluated the risk of ovarian cancer with regard to reproductive, medical, familial, and lifestyle factors.
Results:
The study found that perineal use of talcum powder increased the risk of ovarian cancer after 3 months of usage. Researchers concluded that this was similar to findings from other institutions around the world.
7.
Study: Reproductive and Other Factors and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: An Australian Case-Control Study. Survey of Women’s Health Study Group.
Outcome: Talc Positively Associated
Authors: D. Purdie, A. Green, C. Bain, V. Siskind, B. Ward, N.Hacker, M. Quinn, G. Wright, P. Russell, B. Susil
Date: 1995
Summary:
This study involving 824 women with ovarian cancer and 860 controls explored the risks factors associated with ovarian cancer. In addition to talc use, other factors reviewed were use of oral contraceptives, hysterectomy, tubal ligation, number of incomplete pregnancies, BMI, menstrual history, hormone replacement therapy, history of cancer, and smoking.
Results:
Researchers found that talc use in the abdominal or perineal region was positively associated with the occurrence of ovarian cancer. This study also found that smoking, high BMI, and family history of ovarian cancer was positively associated.
8.
Study: Perineal Talc Exposure and Risk of Ovarian Carcinoma
Outcome: Talc Positively Associated
Authors: D. Purdie, A. Green, C. Bain, V. Siskind, B. Ward, N.Hacker, M. Quinn, G. Wright, P. Russell, B. Susil
Date: 1997
Summary:
This study notes the former research into the effects of talcum powder within the ovaries and expands on it by examining 450 ovarian cancer patients and 564 controls in southern Ontario. Subjects were interviewed about reproductive and menstrual histories.
Results:
The study concluded that exposure to talc was significantly associated with risk of ovarian cancer. However, duration of talc exposeure only showed a borderline significant association when examining subjects with 10 years of exposure, and there was no significant association found between the risk of cancer and the frequency of exposure.
9.
Study: Genital Talc Exposure and Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Outcome: Talc Positively Associated
Authors: D. Cramer, R. Liberman, L. Titus-Ernstoff, W. Welch, E. Greenverg, J. Baron, B. Harlow
Date: 1999
Summary:
The abstract for this study noted that previous studies concerning baby powder use had their biological associations called into question, and repeated the talc-ovarian cancer association study with 563 newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer patients, and 523 controls from eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Results:
The results of the study showed that ovarian cancer cases were more likely than the controls to have used talcum powder, and after adjusting for age, location, parity, oral contraceptive use, BMI, and family history of cancer, users of talc were 60% more likely to develop ovarian cancer than those who did not use talc. The association was stronger for women who were exposed to talcum powder before having a child, and for women with serous epithelial cancer, as opposed to mucinous epithelial cancer. The study concluded that more public health warnings about the risks of powders containing talc were warrented.
10.
Study: Perineal Talc Exposure and Subsequent Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Case-Control
Outcome: No Significant Association Found
Authors: C. Wong, R. Hempling, M. Piver, N. Natarajan, C. Mettlin
Date: 1999
Summary:
This study performed by the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in New York, used 327 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer as subjects and 693 controls. The study adjusted for age, medical history, smoking history, and common demographic metrics.
Results:
This study found no significant association between talc use and epithelial ovarian cancer even for women who had used baby powder or other talc products for more than 20 years. Additionally, patients with a history of tubal ligation or hysterectomy were also not found to have a significant risk for development of cancer.
11.
Study: Prospective Study of Talc Use and Ovarian Cancer
Outcome: No Significant Association Found
Authors:D. Gertig, D. Hunter, D. Cramer, G. Colditz, F. Speizer, W. Willet, S. Hankinson
Date: 1999
Summary:
This study acknowldeged the potential for recall or selection bias in previous studies and attempted to shed more light on the talc controversy. Researchers ascertained talc exposure prior to the development of ovarian cancer for the subjects, and ran a prospective analysis to determine if there was a talc/cancer link without resporting to a case-control study.
Results:
The conclusion of this study did not observe an overall association between ovarian cancer and the use of talc, though it did observe a small increase in serous ovarian cancer in women who had used the product at least once. There were some limitations of the study, the primary one being that there was no available information on the duration of use of the talc.
12.
Study: Factors Related to Inflamation of the Ovarian Epithelium and Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Outcome: Talc Positively Associated
Authors: R. Ness, J. Grisso, C. C. Cottreau, J. Klapper, R.Vergona, J. Wheeler, M. Morgan, J. Schlesselman
Date: 2000
Summary:
This study compared 767 cases of recently diagnosed ovarian cancer with 1367 controls to determine what the role of inflammation was in developing ovarian cancer.
Results:
Several factors were found to have reduced risk of ovarian cancer, including breast feeding, oral contraceptives, and the number of times a woman has been pregnant. Hysterectomies and tubal ligation was also found to have reduced the risk of ovarian cancer. Talc use, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and hyperthyroidism were found to have increased the risk of cancer.
13.
Study: Perineal Talc Exposure and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Risk in the Central Valley of California
Outcome: Talc Positively Associated
Authors: P. Mills, D. Riordan, R. Cress, H. Young
Date: 2004
Summary:
This study was conducted with 256 ovarian cancer cases in the California Central Valley, along with 1,122 controls. Subjects were questioned about perineal talc use, how often it was used, and for how many years it was used, as well as other demographic factors.
Results:
The study found that there was an increased association of ovarian cancer with perineal talc use, but there was no dose response assocation, meaning that this association did not increase as women dusted more frequently. Talc use resulted in the highest risk for serous invasive tumors, and this risk was cut dramatically in women who had undergone tubal ligation.
14.
Study: Talcum Powder, Chronic Pelvic Inflammation and NSAIDs in Relation to Risk if Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Outcome: Talc Positively Associated
Authors: M. Merritt, A. Green, C. Nagle, P. Webb, Austrailia Cancer Study, Austrailian Ovarian Cancer Study Group
Date: 2008
Summary:
A study was done on 1,576 Australian women with low malignant potential (LMP) ovarian tumors and 1,509 women who were not overweight or obese to see if chronic inflammation was the cause of the higher risk of ovarian cancer.
Results:
The study found that there was a statistically significant association between talc use in the pelvic region and serous epithelial ovarian cancer and that there was also an association for endometrioid ovarian cancer, but this was not significant. It also found that there was an increased risk of only endometrioid and clear-cell ovarian cancer among women with a history of endometriosis. Regular usage of anti-inflammatory drugs reduced the risk of LMP mucinous ovarian tumors but no other subtype of cancer. The final conclusion was that chronic inflammation is not a major factor in ovarian cancer risk.
15.
Study: Talc Use, Variants of the GSTM1, GSTT1, and NAT2 Genes, and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Outcome: Association Stronger in GSTM1 Gene
Authors: M. Gates, S. Tworoger, K. Terry, L. Titus-Ernstoff, B. Rosner, I. De Vivo, D. Cramer, S. Hankinson
Date: 2008
Summary:
This study aimed to understand the biological basis for the assocation between talc use and ovarian cancer. It examined 1,175 cases and 1,202 controls from a new england case-control study, and 201 cases and 600 controls from a prospective Nurse’s Health study.
Results:
Talc was found to have an association with increased risk of cancer, but especially in women who had the GSTT1-null genotype and the GSTM1-present genotype. Women with only the GSTM1 or NAT2 genes did not show any signs of assocation. The results suggest that only certain women with specific genotypes will experience an increased risk for ovarian cancer when using talcum powder.
16.
Study: Markers of Inflammation and Risk of Ovarian Cancer in Los Angeles County
Outcome: Talc Positively Associated
Authors: A. Wu, C. Pearce, C. Tseng, C. Templeman, M. Pike
Date: 2009
Summary:
This study examined the effect that inflammation has on the development of ovarian cancer, specifically in concjuntion with talc use, history of endometriosis, and anti-inflammatory drugs. The study examined 609 women with newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer and 688 controls in Los Angeles County.
Results:
The study concluded that both talc use and history of endometriosis increased the risk of ovarian cancer – up to 3 times the normal risk if both factors were present. On the other hand, the frequent use of anti-inflammatory drugs was found to have increased the risk of ovarian cancer in this study. This was unexpected due to previous studies that found that these drugs reduced the risk of cancer.
17.
Study: Genital Powder Exposure and the Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Outcome: Possible Association Found
Authors: K. Rosenblatt, N. Weiss, K. Cushing-Haugen, K. Wicklund, M. Rossing
Date: 2011
Summary:
This study took 812 cases and 1313 controls to shed more light on the association between genital talcum powder use and ovarian cancer risk. Subjects were asked about their talc use after bathing or on sanitary napkins or diaphragms.
Results:
The study found a slight increase in risk of ovarian cancer with talc use after bathing, but no risk increase association with a longer duration of use or extent of use. The study also found no increase in risk when using talc on sanitary napkins or diaphragms. Thus, researchers determined that an association is merely “possible”.
18.
Study: Genital Powder Use and Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 8,525 cases and 9,849 Controls
Outcome: Possible Association Found
Authors: K. Terry, S. Karageorgi, Y. Shvetsov, M. Merritt, G. Lurie, P. Thompson, M. Carney, R. Weber, L. Akushevich, W. Lo-Ciganic, K. Cushing-Haugen, W. Sieh, K. Moysich, J. Doherty, C. Nagle, A. Berchuck, C. Pearce, M. Pike, R. Ness, P. Webb, M. Rossing, J. Schildkraut, H. Risch, M. Goodman
Date: 2013
Summary:
This study pooled information and resources from 8 different studies each regarding ovarian cancer risk increasing with talc usage. The total cases numbered 8,525, and made use of 9,859 controls.
Results:
After pooling all of the participants’ information, the study concluded that genital poder use was associated with a small risk in epithelial ovarin cancer, for serous, endometrioid, and clear cell tumors, as well as borderline serous tumors. However, the study found no association between the number of lifetime applications or any association between women who reported non-genital talcum powder usage.
19.
Study: Perineal Powder Use and Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Outcome: No Significant Association Found
Authors: S. Houghton, K. Reeves, S. Hankinson, L. Crawford, D. Lane. J. Wactawaski-Wende, C. Thompson, J. Ockene, S. Sturgeon
Date: 2014
Summary:
This study pooled information and resources from 8 different studies each regarding ovarian cancer risk increasing with talc usage. The total cases numbered 8,525, and made use of 9,859 controls.
Results:
After pooling all of the participants’ information, the study concluded that genital poder use was associated with a small risk in epithelial ovarin cancer, for serous, endometrioid, and clear cell tumors, as well as borderline serous tumors. However, the study found no association between the number of lifetime applications or any association between women who reported non-genital talcum powder usage.
20.
Study: The Association Between Talc Use and Ovarian Cancer
Outcome: Talc Positive Association Found
Authors: D. Cramer, A. Vitonis, K. Terry, W. Welch, L. Titus
Date: 2016
Study Limitations
It is important to note the limitations of the studies. Most of the studies were case-control studies, and the subjects of the study were asked to recall their baby powder usage and the frequency and duration of the use. However, relying on a subject’s memory can be dangerous because people’s memory is often unreliable and can produce incorrect results.
Another serious limitation is that many of the studies asked patients about their perineal powder use, but failed to specify whether their powder contained talc. Some of the participants could have reported on their corn starch use and skewed the data in that way.
Other studies (19) also studied only a specific demographic and was unable to get data for the population as a whole.
Study Takeaways
These studies predominantly demonstrated that the usage of talcum powder in the genital area could increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer in certain women.
However, they also contained interesting insights regarding talc use and ovarian cancer that are not readily available from existing online medical sources. This data is not necessarily considered medical fact and can be contested, but it is still interesting to observe.
- Having a hysterectomy or tubal ligation lowers the risk of ovarian cancer (Study 4, 12, 13)
- Having a higher BMI (Body Mass Index) raises the risk of ovarian cancer (7)
- Smoking raises the risk of ovarian cancer (7)
- Hyperthyroidism raises the risk of ovarian Cancer (12)
- Ovarian cysts raise the risk of ovarian cancer (7)
- Having the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes increases the risk of ovarian cancer if the subject uses talc (15)
- There is no known association between the length or duration that a subject uses baby powder and the risk of ovarian cancer (8, 10, 13, 18)
Questions or Comments?
If you have any questions or comments about these studies or would like more information for your publications, please contact us using the contact form at the top of the page. We have compiled a list of these studies and the locations where they can be found and would be happy to share them with any individual or publication.
